Detailed introduction and partial analysis of the human torso model

The trunk, in general, refers to the body. The trunk bones include 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx, 1 sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. It is involved in the composition of the spine, the bony thorax and the pelvis. See Jin Wu Shi “Long Shang Song”: ” Long Shang strong man has Chen An , although the torso is small in the abdomen wide.” . Vertebral arch vertebralarch in the posterior part of the vertebral body, and the vertebral body connected to the part called the vertebral arch root, slightly thin, above and below all traces, the lower cut is more obvious. The lower edge of the connection with the body of the sternum protrudes slightly forward, called the sternal angle, both sides of which are precisely associated with the second rib cartilage, so it is an important symbol to determine the number of ribs. The first rib is short and curved, the head and neck are slightly lower than the body, the rib body is flat and can be divided into upper and lower sides and inner and outer edges.

The trunk bones include 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx, 1 sternum and 12 pairs of ribs. It is involved in the composition of the spine, bony thorax and pelvis.

(1) Vertebrae

There are 24 vertebrae, which can be divided into cervical (7), thoracic (12) and lumbar (5) vertebrae.

General morphology of vertebrae.

The vertebrae all have a vertebral body and a vertebral arch, and the arch has seven protrusions.

Vertebral body vertebralbody is short cylindrical, the internal osteophyte, the external thin layer of bone dense. Vertebral arch vertebralarch at the back of the vertebral body, and the vertebral body connected to the part called the arch root, slightly thin, above and below all traces, the lower cut is more obvious. The posterior part of the vertebral arch is plate-like and is called the vertebral plate. The vertebral body and the vertebral arch together form the vertebral foramen, and the vertebral canal is formed by the vertebral foramina of the 24 vertebrae. there are seven protrusions on the vertebral arch: the posterior one is called the spinous process; the left and right ones are each protruding a transverse process; there are a pair of protrusions above and below the vertebral arch, called the superior and inferior synapses. superiorandinferiorarticularprocesses

(2) Sternum

The sternum is a flat bone, shaped like a short sword, divided into three parts: the hilt, the body, and the saber. The upper edge of the sternal hilt is slightly concave in the middle, which is called the jugular vein notch, and there are clavicle notches on both sides. The lateral edge of the hilt is connected to the first rib cartilage. The lower edge of the sternal body is slightly protruding forward, called the sternal angle, both sides of which are just related to the 2nd rib cartilage, so it is an important symbol to determine the number of ribs.

The sternal body is flat and long, and there is a cut on both sides where the 2nd-7th ribs are joined by cartilage.

The sternal process is variable in shape and is located between the left and right costal arches.

(3) Ribs

Ribs consist of ribs and rib cartilage, 12 pairs, symmetrical on both sides. The 1st-7th ribs are called true ribs; the 8th-12th ribs are called false ribs, the 8th-10th ribs are connected by rib cartilage, forming the rib arch, the 11th and 12th ribs are free at the front, also called floating ribs.

Ribs are flat bones, divided into body, anterior and posterior ends, inner and outer, upper and lower edges.

The posterior end of the rib is slightly inflated, called the rib head, which has an articulating surface, and the rib head thins outward, called the rib neck, and then flattens outward into the rib body. The posterior projection where the neck meets the body is called the rib node. The rib body turns outward to a forward bend called the rib angle, and there is a rib groove on the inner surface of the lower edge of the rib body. The front of the rib body is connected to the rib cartilage, which is transparent cartilage and is associated with the lateral edge of the sternum.

The first rib is short and curved, the head and neck are slightly lower than the body, and the rib body is flat and can be divided into upper and lower sides and inner and outer edges. There is an anterior oblique muscle node formed by the attachment of the anterior oblique muscle at the upper inner edge, and the anterior and posterior sides of the node have shallow grooves, which are the pressure marks of the subclavian vein and subclavian artery. There is no rib sulcus below, and the anterior end is combined with the sternum directly through the rib cartilage.

The second rib is slightly longer than the first rib and more closely resembles the general rib. The 11th and 12th ribs have no rib nodes and are straight and short with blunt rounded ends.